src/main/kotlin/kr/co/vividnext/sodalive/v2/recommendation/application/AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.application
+
+import kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.domain.RecommendedSectionType
+import kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.port.out.RecommendationSnapshotPort
+import kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.port.out.RecommendationSnapshotRecord
+import org.redisson.api.RedissonClient
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service
+import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionDefinition
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionTemplate
+import java.time.LocalDateTime
+import java.time.ZoneOffset
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
+import javax.annotation.PreDestroy
+
+@Service
+class AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(
+    private val snapshotPort: RecommendationSnapshotPort,
+    private val refreshService: RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService,
+    private val redissonClient: RedissonClient,
+    executor: Executor? = null,
+    private val homeWaitMillis: Long = HOME_WAIT_MILLIS,
+    transactionManager: PlatformTransactionManager? = null
+) : AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort {
+    private val log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(javaClass)
+    private val ownedExecutor: ExecutorService? = if (executor == null) Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() else null
+    private val workerExecutor: Executor = executor ?: ownedExecutor!!
+    private val refreshFuture = AtomicReference<CompletableFuture<Void>?>()
+    private val readTransactionTemplate = transactionManager?.let {
+        TransactionTemplate(it).also { template ->
+            template.propagationBehavior = TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW
+            template.isReadOnly = true
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun refreshIfMissing(
+        offset: Long,
+        limit: Int,
+        nowUtc: LocalDateTime
+    ): List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord> {
+        val existing = findLatestSnapshots(offset, limit)
+        if (existing.isNotEmpty()) return existing
+        if (hasLatestSnapshot()) return findLatestSnapshots(offset, limit)
+
+        val future = getOrStartRefresh(nowUtc)
+        return try {
+            future.get(homeWaitMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+            findLatestSnapshots(offset, limit)
+        } catch (ex: TimeoutException) {
+            log.warn("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_timeout homeWaitMs={}", homeWaitMillis)
+            emptyList()
+        } catch (ex: InterruptedException) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt()
+            log.warn("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_failure error={}", ex.message, ex)
+            emptyList()
+        } catch (ex: Exception) {
+            log.warn("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_failure error={}", ex.message, ex)
+            emptyList()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun findLatestSnapshots(offset: Long, limit: Int): List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord> {
+        return readSnapshotPort {
+            snapshotPort.findLatestSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, offset, limit)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun hasLatestSnapshot(): Boolean {
+        return readSnapshotPort {
+            snapshotPort.existsLatestSnapshot(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun <T> readSnapshotPort(action: () -> T): T {
+        val template = readTransactionTemplate ?: return action()
+        return template.execute { action() } ?: action()
+    }
+
+    @Synchronized
+    private fun getOrStartRefresh(nowUtc: LocalDateTime): CompletableFuture<Void> {
+        refreshFuture.get()?.let { return it }
+
+        val newFuture = CompletableFuture.runAsync({ refreshInWorker(nowUtc) }, workerExecutor)
+        refreshFuture.set(newFuture)
+        newFuture.whenComplete { _, _ -> refreshFuture.compareAndSet(newFuture, null) }
+        return newFuture
+    }
+
+    private fun refreshInWorker(nowUtc: LocalDateTime) {
+        val lock = redissonClient.getLock(LOCK_KEY)
+        try {
+            if (!lock.tryLock(LOCK_WAIT_MILLIS, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                log.info("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_lock_missed lockKey={} lockWaitMs={}", LOCK_KEY, LOCK_WAIT_MILLIS)
+                return
+            }
+
+            log.info("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_lock_acquired lockKey={}", LOCK_KEY)
+            if (hasLatestSnapshot()) return
+
+            log.info("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_refresh_start lockKey={}", LOCK_KEY)
+            val refreshedCount = refreshService.refreshAiCharacterSnapshots(nowUtc)
+            log.info("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_refresh_success refreshedCount={}", refreshedCount)
+        } catch (ex: Exception) {
+            log.warn("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_refresh_failure error={}", ex.message, ex)
+        } finally {
+            if (lock.isHeldByCurrentThread) {
+                lock.unlock()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @PreDestroy
+    fun shutdown() {
+        ownedExecutor?.shutdown()
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        const val LOCK_KEY = "lock:recommendation-snapshot-refresh:AI_CHARACTER"
+        private const val LOCK_WAIT_MILLIS = 300L
+        private const val HOME_WAIT_MILLIS = 1_500L
+    }
+}
+
+interface AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort {
+    fun refreshIfMissing(
+        offset: Long,
+        limit: Int,
+        nowUtc: LocalDateTime = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneOffset.UTC)
+    ): List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>
+}

src/main/kotlin/kr/co/vividnext/sodalive/v2/recommendation/application/HomeRecommendationQueryService.kt

@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ import java.time.LocalDateTime
 @Transactional(readOnly = true)
 class HomeRecommendationQueryService(
     private val queryPort: HomeRecommendationQueryPort,
-    private val snapshotPort: RecommendationSnapshotPort
+    private val snapshotPort: RecommendationSnapshotPort,
+    private val aiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService: AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort? = null
 ) {
     fun findLiveRecommendations(
         offset: Long = 0,
@@ -71,13 +72,25 @@ class HomeRecommendationQueryService(
         offset: Long = 0,
         limit: Int = DEFAULT_AI_CHARACTER_LIMIT
     ): List<HomeAiCharacterRecommendationRecord> {
-        val snapshots = snapshotPort.findLatestSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, offset, limit)
+        val snapshots = findAiCharacterSnapshotsWithFallback(offset, limit)
         val detailsById = queryPort.findAiCharacterRecommendationDetails(snapshots.map { it.targetId })
             .associateBy { it.characterId }
 
         return snapshots.mapNotNull { detailsById[it.targetId] }
     }
 
+    private fun findAiCharacterSnapshotsWithFallback(
+        offset: Long,
+        limit: Int
+    ) = snapshotPort.findLatestSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, offset, limit)
+        .ifEmpty {
+            if (snapshotPort.existsLatestSnapshot(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER)) {
+                emptyList()
+            } else {
+                aiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService?.refreshIfMissing(offset, limit).orEmpty()
+            }
+        }
+
     fun findCheerCreatorRecommendations(
         limit: Int = DEFAULT_CHEER_CREATOR_LIMIT,
         memberId: Long? = null

src/test/kotlin/kr/co/vividnext/sodalive/v2/api/home/HomeRecommendationControllerTest.kt

@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ class HomeRecommendationControllerTest @Autowired constructor(
                 sectionType = RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
                 targetId = characterId,
                 score = 100.0,
-                snapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 6, 1, 23, 59, 59),
+                snapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59),
                 randomTieBreaker = 0.1
             )
         )

src/test/kotlin/kr/co/vividnext/sodalive/v2/recommendation/application/AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackServiceTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+package kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.application
+
+import kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.domain.RecommendedSectionType
+import kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.port.out.RecommendationSnapshotPort
+import kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.port.out.RecommendationSnapshotRecord
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito
+import org.redisson.api.RLock
+import org.redisson.api.RedissonClient
+import org.springframework.boot.test.system.CapturedOutput
+import org.springframework.boot.test.system.OutputCaptureExtension
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionDefinition
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionStatus
+import java.time.LocalDateTime
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+@ExtendWith(OutputCaptureExtension::class)
+class AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackServiceTest {
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 최신 스냅샷이 이미 있으면 lock과 refresh를 실행하지 않고 즉시 반환한다")
+    fun shouldReturnExistingSnapshotsWithoutLockOrRefresh() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val snapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)
+        snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, snapshotAt, listOf(snapshot(10L)))
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(10L), snapshots.map { it.targetId })
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(redissonClient)
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(refreshService)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 worker thread 안에서 section lock을 잡고 공통 AI refresh 후 최신 스냅샷을 다시 조회한다")
+    fun shouldRefreshMissingAiSnapshotsWithSectionLock() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val lock = Mockito.mock(RLock::class.java)
+        Mockito.`when`(redissonClient.getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)).thenReturn(lock)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenReturn(true)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.isHeldByCurrentThread).thenReturn(true)
+        val nowUtc = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 21, 0)
+        Mockito.doAnswer {
+            snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(
+                RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
+                LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59),
+                listOf(snapshot(1L))
+            )
+            null
+        }.`when`(refreshService).refreshAiCharacterSnapshots(nowUtc)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20, nowUtc = nowUtc)
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(1L), snapshots.map { it.targetId })
+        Mockito.verify(redissonClient).getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)
+        Mockito.verify(lock).tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+        Mockito.verify(refreshService).refreshAiCharacterSnapshots(nowUtc)
+        Mockito.verify(lock).unlock()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback의 snapshot 조회는 호출자 read transaction과 분리된 새 read transaction에서 실행한다")
+    fun shouldReadSnapshotsInRequiresNewReadOnlyTransactions() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val lock = Mockito.mock(RLock::class.java)
+        val transactionManager = RecordingTransactionManager()
+        Mockito.`when`(redissonClient.getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)).thenReturn(lock)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenReturn(true)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.isHeldByCurrentThread).thenReturn(true)
+        val nowUtc = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 21, 0)
+        Mockito.doAnswer {
+            snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(
+                RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
+                LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59),
+                listOf(snapshot(1L))
+            )
+            null
+        }.`when`(refreshService).refreshAiCharacterSnapshots(nowUtc)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(
+            snapshotPort = snapshotPort,
+            refreshService = refreshService,
+            redissonClient = redissonClient,
+            executor = directExecutor(),
+            transactionManager = transactionManager
+        )
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20, nowUtc = nowUtc)
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(1L), snapshots.map { it.targetId })
+        assertEquals(
+            listOf(
+                TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW,
+                TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW,
+                TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW,
+                TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW
+            ),
+            transactionManager.propagationBehaviors
+        )
+        assertEquals(listOf(true, true, true, true), transactionManager.readOnlyFlags)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 lock 획득 실패 시 refresh를 중복 실행하지 않는다")
+    fun shouldSkipRefreshWhenSectionLockIsNotAcquired() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val lock = Mockito.mock(RLock::class.java)
+        Mockito.`when`(redissonClient.getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)).thenReturn(lock)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenReturn(false)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.isHeldByCurrentThread).thenReturn(false)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(emptyList<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>(), snapshots)
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(refreshService)
+        Mockito.verify(lock, Mockito.never()).unlock()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 빈 스냅샷 refresh 완료 marker가 있으면 refresh를 반복하지 않는다")
+    fun shouldSkipRefreshWhenEmptySnapshotMarkerExists() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val snapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)
+        snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, snapshotAt, emptyList())
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(emptyList<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>(), snapshots)
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(redissonClient)
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(refreshService)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 홈 대기 timeout 시 현재 요청은 빈 배열을 반환하고 worker는 취소하지 않아 다음 요청이 저장 결과를 읽는다")
+    fun shouldReturnEmptyOnTimeoutAndKeepWorkerRunning() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val refreshStarted = CountDownLatch(1)
+        val allowRefreshComplete = CountDownLatch(1)
+        val refreshService = BlockingRefreshService(snapshotPort, refreshStarted, allowRefreshComplete)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val lock = Mockito.mock(RLock::class.java)
+        Mockito.`when`(redissonClient.getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)).thenReturn(lock)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenReturn(true)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.isHeldByCurrentThread).thenReturn(true)
+        val executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(
+            snapshotPort,
+            refreshService,
+            redissonClient,
+            executor,
+            homeWaitMillis = 50
+        )
+
+        val first = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20, nowUtc = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 21, 0))
+        assertEquals(true, refreshStarted.await(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
+        allowRefreshComplete.countDown()
+        executor.shutdown()
+        assertEquals(true, executor.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
+        val second = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(emptyList<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>(), first)
+        assertEquals(listOf(99L), second.map { it.targetId })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 refresh 실패 시 예외를 던지지 않고 빈 배열과 실패 로그를 반환한다")
+    fun shouldReturnEmptyAndLogWhenRefreshFails(output: CapturedOutput) {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort()
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val lock = Mockito.mock(RLock::class.java)
+        val nowUtc = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 21, 0)
+        Mockito.`when`(redissonClient.getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)).thenReturn(lock)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenReturn(true)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.isHeldByCurrentThread).thenReturn(true)
+        Mockito.doThrow(IllegalStateException("boom")).`when`(refreshService).refreshAiCharacterSnapshots(nowUtc)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20, nowUtc = nowUtc)
+
+        assertEquals(emptyList<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>(), snapshots)
+        assertEquals(true, output.out.contains("event=ai_character_snapshot_fallback_refresh_failure"))
+        Mockito.verify(lock).unlock()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 최신 스냅샷이 pre-check에서 감지되면 lock과 refresh를 실행하지 않는다")
+    fun shouldSkipLockAndRefreshWhenLatestSnapshotAppearsBeforeWorkerStarts() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort().apply {
+            replaceOnSecondRead = listOf(snapshot(77L))
+        }
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(77L), snapshots.map { it.targetId })
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(redissonClient)
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(refreshService)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI fallback은 lock 획득 후 최신 스냅샷을 재확인해 이미 생성됐으면 중복 refresh하지 않는다")
+    fun shouldDoubleCheckSnapshotsAfterLockBeforeRefresh() {
+        val snapshotPort = FakeFallbackSnapshotPort().apply {
+            replaceOnThirdRead = listOf(snapshot(88L))
+        }
+        val refreshService = Mockito.mock(RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService::class.java)
+        val redissonClient = Mockito.mock(RedissonClient::class.java)
+        val lock = Mockito.mock(RLock::class.java)
+        Mockito.`when`(redissonClient.getLock(AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService.LOCK_KEY)).thenReturn(lock)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.tryLock(300, -1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenReturn(true)
+        Mockito.`when`(lock.isHeldByCurrentThread).thenReturn(true)
+        val service = AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackService(snapshotPort, refreshService, redissonClient, directExecutor())
+
+        val snapshots = service.refreshIfMissing(offset = 0, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(88L), snapshots.map { it.targetId })
+        Mockito.verifyNoInteractions(refreshService)
+        Mockito.verify(lock).unlock()
+    }
+
+    private fun directExecutor(): Executor = Executor { command -> command.run() }
+}
+
+private class FakeFallbackSnapshotPort : RecommendationSnapshotPort {
+    private val snapshots = mutableListOf<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>()
+    var replaceOnSecondRead: List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>? = null
+    var replaceOnThirdRead: List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>? = null
+    private var readCount = 0
+
+    override fun findLatestSnapshots(
+        sectionType: RecommendedSectionType,
+        offset: Long,
+        limit: Int
+    ): List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord> {
+        advanceReadScenario()
+        val latestSnapshotAt = snapshots.filter { it.sectionType == sectionType }.maxOfOrNull { it.snapshotAt }
+        return snapshots
+            .filter { it.sectionType == sectionType && it.snapshotAt == latestSnapshotAt && it.targetId != 0L }
+            .drop(offset.toInt())
+            .take(limit)
+    }
+
+    override fun existsLatestSnapshot(sectionType: RecommendedSectionType): Boolean {
+        advanceReadScenario()
+        return snapshots.any { it.sectionType == sectionType }
+    }
+
+    private fun advanceReadScenario() {
+        readCount += 1
+        if (readCount == 2) {
+            replaceOnSecondRead?.let {
+                replaceSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59), it)
+                replaceOnSecondRead = null
+            }
+        }
+        if (readCount == 3) {
+            replaceOnThirdRead?.let {
+                replaceSnapshots(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59), it)
+                replaceOnThirdRead = null
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun replaceSnapshots(
+        sectionType: RecommendedSectionType,
+        snapshotAt: LocalDateTime,
+        newSnapshots: List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>
+    ) {
+        if (newSnapshots.isEmpty() && sectionType == RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER) {
+            snapshots.removeIf { it.sectionType == sectionType }
+            snapshots.add(snapshot(0L, snapshotAt))
+            return
+        }
+
+        snapshots.removeIf { it.sectionType == sectionType && it.snapshotAt == snapshotAt }
+        snapshots.addAll(newSnapshots)
+    }
+}
+
+private class BlockingRefreshService(
+    private val snapshotPort: RecommendationSnapshotPort,
+    private val refreshStarted: CountDownLatch,
+    private val allowRefreshComplete: CountDownLatch
+) : RecommendationSnapshotRefreshService(
+    snapshotPort,
+    Mockito.mock(kr.co.vividnext.sodalive.v2.recommendation.port.out.HomeRecommendationQueryPort::class.java)
+) {
+    override fun refreshAiCharacterSnapshots(nowUtc: LocalDateTime): Int {
+        refreshStarted.countDown()
+        allowRefreshComplete.await(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+        snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(
+            RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
+            LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59),
+            listOf(snapshot(99L))
+        )
+        return 1
+    }
+}
+
+private fun snapshot(
+    targetId: Long,
+    snapshotAt: LocalDateTime = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)
+): RecommendationSnapshotRecord {
+    return RecommendationSnapshotRecord(
+        sectionType = RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
+        targetId = targetId,
+        score = 1.0,
+        snapshotAt = snapshotAt,
+        randomTieBreaker = 1.0
+    )
+}
+
+private class RecordingTransactionManager : AbstractPlatformTransactionManager() {
+    val propagationBehaviors = mutableListOf<Int>()
+    val readOnlyFlags = mutableListOf<Boolean>()
+
+    override fun doGetTransaction(): Any = Any()
+
+    override fun doBegin(transaction: Any, definition: TransactionDefinition) {
+        propagationBehaviors.add(definition.propagationBehavior)
+        readOnlyFlags.add(definition.isReadOnly)
+    }
+
+    override fun doCommit(status: DefaultTransactionStatus) {
+    }
+
+    override fun doRollback(status: DefaultTransactionStatus) {
+    }
+}

src/test/kotlin/kr/co/vividnext/sodalive/v2/recommendation/application/HomeRecommendationQueryServiceTest.kt

@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ class HomeRecommendationQueryServiceTest {
     @Test
     @DisplayName("AI 캐릭터 추천은 최신 스냅샷 20개를 기준으로 순서를 유지해 상세를 조립한다")
     fun shouldFindAiCharactersFromLatestSnapshotsWithLimitAndDetails() {
+        val fallback = FakeAiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort(emptyList())
+        val service = HomeRecommendationQueryService(port, snapshotPort, fallback)
         val oldSnapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 5, 28, 23, 59, 59)
         val latestSnapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 5, 29, 23, 59, 59)
         snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(
@@ -180,6 +182,8 @@ class HomeRecommendationQueryServiceTest {
 
         val characters = service.findAiCharacterRecommendations()
 
+        assertEquals(null, fallback.offset)
+        assertEquals(null, fallback.limit)
         assertEquals((1L..20L).toList(), port.aiCharacterDetailIds)
         assertEquals(listOf(1L, 2L), characters.map { it.characterId })
         assertEquals(listOf(101L, 102L), characters.map { it.creatorId })
@@ -189,6 +193,90 @@ class HomeRecommendationQueryServiceTest {
         assertEquals(null, characters.last().originalWorkTitle)
     }
 
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI 캐릭터 추천은 최신 스냅샷이 없으면 fallback refresh 후 스냅샷 상세를 조립한다")
+    fun shouldFindAiCharactersAfterFallbackWhenLatestSnapshotsDoNotExist() {
+        val fallback = FakeAiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort(
+            listOf(snapshot(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, 10L, 10.0, LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)))
+        )
+        val service = HomeRecommendationQueryService(port, snapshotPort, fallback)
+        port.aiCharacterDetails = listOf(
+            HomeAiCharacterRecommendationRecord(
+                characterId = 10L,
+                creatorId = 110L,
+                name = "fallback-character",
+                description = "description",
+                profileImage = null,
+                totalChatCount = 1L,
+                originalWorkTitle = null
+            )
+        )
+
+        val characters = service.findAiCharacterRecommendations()
+
+        assertEquals(0L, fallback.offset)
+        assertEquals(20, fallback.limit)
+        assertEquals(listOf(10L), port.aiCharacterDetailIds)
+        assertEquals(listOf(10L), characters.map { it.characterId })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI 캐릭터 추천은 fallback 후에도 스냅샷이 없으면 빈 배열을 반환한다")
+    fun shouldReturnEmptyAiCharactersWhenFallbackDoesNotCreateSnapshots() {
+        val fallback = FakeAiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort(emptyList())
+        val service = HomeRecommendationQueryService(port, snapshotPort, fallback)
+
+        val characters = service.findAiCharacterRecommendations()
+
+        assertEquals(0L, fallback.offset)
+        assertEquals(20, fallback.limit)
+        assertEquals(emptyList<Long>(), port.aiCharacterDetailIds)
+        assertEquals(emptyList<HomeAiCharacterRecommendationRecord>(), characters)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI 캐릭터 추천은 빈 스냅샷 refresh 완료 marker가 있으면 fallback refresh를 반복하지 않는다")
+    fun shouldNotFallbackWhenEmptyAiSnapshotCycleExists() {
+        val fallback = FakeAiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort(
+            listOf(snapshot(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, 99L, 99.0, LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)))
+        )
+        val service = HomeRecommendationQueryService(port, snapshotPort, fallback)
+        snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(
+            RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
+            LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59),
+            emptyList()
+        )
+
+        val characters = service.findAiCharacterRecommendations()
+
+        assertEquals(null, fallback.offset)
+        assertEquals(null, fallback.limit)
+        assertEquals(emptyList<Long>(), port.aiCharacterDetailIds)
+        assertEquals(emptyList<HomeAiCharacterRecommendationRecord>(), characters)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("AI 캐릭터 추천은 최신 스냅샷이 있으면 요청 페이지가 비어도 fallback refresh를 호출하지 않는다")
+    fun shouldNotFallbackWhenLatestAiSnapshotsExistButRequestedPageIsEmpty() {
+        val fallback = FakeAiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort(
+            listOf(snapshot(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, 99L, 99.0, LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)))
+        )
+        val service = HomeRecommendationQueryService(port, snapshotPort, fallback)
+        val snapshotAt = LocalDateTime.of(2026, 7, 9, 14, 59, 59)
+        snapshotPort.replaceSnapshots(
+            RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER,
+            snapshotAt,
+            (1L..20L).map { targetId -> snapshot(RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER, targetId, 100.0 - targetId, snapshotAt) }
+        )
+
+        val characters = service.findAiCharacterRecommendations(offset = 20, limit = 20)
+
+        assertEquals(null, fallback.offset)
+        assertEquals(null, fallback.limit)
+        assertEquals(emptyList<Long>(), port.aiCharacterDetailIds)
+        assertEquals(emptyList<HomeAiCharacterRecommendationRecord>(), characters)
+    }
+
     @Test
     @DisplayName("최근 응원 크리에이터 추천은 최신 스냅샷 8명을 기준으로 닉네임과 프로필을 조립한다")
     fun shouldFindCheerCreatorsFromLatestSnapshotsWithLimitAndDetails() {
@@ -767,7 +855,7 @@ class HomeRecommendationQueryServiceTest {
 
         override fun findAiCharacterSnapshots(
             windowStart: LocalDateTime,
-            snapshotAt: LocalDateTime,
+            windowEndExclusive: LocalDateTime,
             limit: Int
         ): List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord> = emptyList()
 
@@ -836,23 +924,50 @@ private class FakeHomeRecommendationSnapshotPort : RecommendationSnapshotPort {
             .maxOfOrNull { it.snapshotAt }
 
         val all = snapshots
-            .filter { it.sectionType == sectionType && it.snapshotAt == latestSnapshotAt }
+            .filter { it.sectionType == sectionType && it.snapshotAt == latestSnapshotAt && it.targetId != 0L }
             .sortedWith(compareByDescending<RecommendationSnapshotRecord> { it.score }.thenBy { it.randomTieBreaker })
 
         if (offset == 0L && limit == Int.MAX_VALUE) return all
         return all.drop(offset.toInt()).take(limit)
     }
 
+    override fun existsLatestSnapshot(sectionType: RecommendedSectionType): Boolean {
+        return snapshots.any { it.sectionType == sectionType }
+    }
+
     override fun replaceSnapshots(
         sectionType: RecommendedSectionType,
         snapshotAt: LocalDateTime,
         newSnapshots: List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>
     ) {
+        if (newSnapshots.isEmpty() && sectionType == RecommendedSectionType.AI_CHARACTER) {
+            snapshots.removeIf { it.sectionType == sectionType }
+            snapshots.add(snapshot(sectionType, targetId = 0L, score = 0.0, snapshotAt = snapshotAt))
+            return
+        }
+
         snapshots.removeIf { it.sectionType == sectionType && it.snapshotAt == snapshotAt }
         snapshots.addAll(newSnapshots)
     }
 }
 
+private class FakeAiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort(
+    private val snapshots: List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord>
+) : AiCharacterSnapshotFallbackPort {
+    var offset: Long? = null
+    var limit: Int? = null
+
+    override fun refreshIfMissing(
+        offset: Long,
+        limit: Int,
+        nowUtc: LocalDateTime
+    ): List<RecommendationSnapshotRecord> {
+        this.offset = offset
+        this.limit = limit
+        return snapshots
+    }
+}
+
 private fun snapshot(
     sectionType: RecommendedSectionType,
     targetId: Long,